Chemistry Lab Report Water Hydration Introduction

Chemistry Lab Report Water Hydration Introduction: A hydrated crystal or hydrated occurs when water becomes tightly attracted to a metal salt base on it’s polarity. The water molecules maintain integrity as molecules, however they are considered to be part of the formula of the hydrate. When the hydrate metal salt crystal is heated, the attractions to the water are broken by the heat energy and the water escape from the crystal. After heating the salt crystal is called as anhydrous, which means without water. Many of the salt contain transition metals such as cobalt that is colorful (purple).Often the color of transition metal like cobalt’s color will change as a function of how many waters it is attracted to. Compounds containing water (H2O) of hydrated are written with water separate by a dot (. ). This (. ) means for hydrated metal salt there are how many number of moles of water bound to each mole of that metal salt. Research Question: The aim of this experiment is to calculate the number of moles of water bounded to each mole of cobalt chloride ( CoCl2. H2O). This cobalt chloride hydrated may be monohydrate with 1 mole of water attracted to cobalt chloride.It may be dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate or pentahydrate; your task is to determine which one you are given. Hypothesis: If cobalt chloride were heated until there is no further lose in weight, 6 moles of water would be lost from 1 mole of salt. Therefore it is predicted that there are 6 moles of water in this reaction. Materials (Apparatus): 1. 3 gram of cobalt chloride 2. Evaporating dish 3. Tongs to hold the evaporating dish 4. Ring stand 5. Iron ring 6. Clamp 7. Bunsen burner 8. Matches 9. 40. 20 g size of the crucible 10. Digital balance/ g 0. 01 11.Clay triangle 12. Gloss rod Procedure: 1. Place an empty crucible on digital balance by uncertainty of 0. 01g 2. Measure the size of the crucible without salt 3. Add 3 gram of cobalt chloride to the crucible 4. Measure the total size o f crucible containing cobalt chloride 5. Take the crucible containing salt, place it on the Bunsen burner by tongs. Place crucible on a clay triangle and iron ring to protect the crucible from falling. 6. Gently heat the crucible by Bunsen burner 7. Use a gloss rod to give a movement to cobalt chloride to crystalized. 8.Record time for salt crystallization 9. Stop heating when cobalt chloride crystalized 10. Wait for few second for crucible to cool down 11. Place and Measure the anhydrous crucible by digital balance 12. Using calculation find the number of moles in this reaction. CoCl2 . nH2O CoCl2 + nH2 Data Collection and Processing: Process| Observation during the experiment | Changes in color | As we started heating the crucible containing CoCl2. H2O , the color of the CoCl2 started to change from violet purple to dark purple and the blue in 6 minutes and it is because of water evaporation. Appearance of the salt during heating | After 3 to 5 minutes, as water was evaporating an d reaching its melting and boiling point, salt began to bubble. At the beginning of heating it was powdery solid then it changed to liquid and at last solid again. Volume of salt decreases because of lost of molecules. We waited for 10 minutes until it cooled down. | Calculations: Raw data collected Mass| Grams | Uncertainty /g  ±0. 01| Crucible| 42. 20 g| 0. 02 %| Pure H2O | 1. 36 g| 0. 73 %| Pure CoCl2| 1. 66 g | 0. 60 %| | | Total uncertainty | | | 0. 08 %|Find the masses: Crucible + CoCl2. H2O = 45. 23 g Anhydrous = 43. 86 g Mass of pure H2O = 45. 23 – 43. 28 = 1. 36 g Mass of pure CoCl2 = 3. 02 – 1. 36 = 1. 66 g Find the uncertainty: CoCl2 = 1. 66 = 0. 01 = 0. 60 % 100 x H2O = 1. 36 = 0. 01 = 0. 73 % 100 x Crucible = 42. 20 = 0. 01 = 0. 02 % 100 x Total uncertainty: 0. 02 % + 0. 60 % + 0. 73 % = 1. 3 % 100 = 1. 3 = 0. 08 % 6 x Find the percentage of water: % Water = weight of water in sample * 100 Original weight of sample % 45. 03 = 1. 36 *100 3. 02 Find the nu mber of moles: CoCl2 . H2O CoCl2 H2O 1. 661. 36 1. 66 * 18 n = 1. 36 * 130 29. 88 n = 176. 8 g 130 18 n n = 176. 8 / 29. 88 n = 6 moles CoCl2 . 6H2O CoCl2 +6H2O Conclusion: From this experiment, I investigated that my hypothesis is fairly accurate as I predicted. Therefore it is concluded that through empirical formula, the degree of hydration is hydrated CoCl2 was determined to a relative degree of accuracy. It is determined to be approximately 6 moles of water bonded with 1 mole of CoCl2 and giving: CoCl2 . 6H2O. Evaluation:Our experiment was fairly close as the ratio was 1:5. 9. However, the ratio achieved through this experiment was, while approximately accurate to the accepted literature value of 1: 6, not so precise tat this ratio could be assumed to anything greater or lesser than 1 significant figure. This anomaly can be explained by acknowledging some errors within the experimental process. While the determined degree of hydration was not perfect, and indeed to find the cur rent rather elaborate ratio a degree of rounding was still required, it was still reasonably accurate. Some errors can be: 1.Over heating of the hydrated cobalt chloride can result in burning the anhydrous compound of cobalt chloride, therefore contaminating it with oxygen and alerting the mass present in the crucible. This could lead to varying degrees of inaccuracy. 2. Base on the fact that cobalt chloride is hydrophilic means; it will absorb moisture from atmosphere. Therefore, the experiment should be conducted in a dry, well-aired lab to avoid as little absorption as possible. 3. In contrast to burning the anhydrous compound, the heating could have failed to completely remove all the water or revise it; it may over heated that also effect on the accuracy.Improvements: There are several ways to improve this experiment. The key improvement to this experiment would probably be to decrease the intensity with which flame is applied to the crucible. This reduces the possibility to re duce overheating, and increase the period of time spent dehydrating the sample to ensure a slower, more through and less intense dehydration. Another improvement can be using a lab, which has the suitable location for this experiment. At last, have a expert partner or teacher to tell u, when stop heating the crucible can improve the accuracy of constant mass to achieve.

Economics of Sumeria

By 7000 BCE there was farming, which required permanent settlement. ————————————————- By 4500 BCE, people archaeologists call Ubaidians were living in towns near where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers emptied into the Persian Gulf. EKONOMIKS –( http://earlyworldhistory. blogspot. com/2012/01/sumer. html poltics) (http://www. sjsu. edu/faculty/watkins/sumer. htm-poltics) This was  Mesopotamia  (Greek for â€Å"between two rivers†). It was around 4000 BCE that a people called Sumerians moved into Mesopotamia.By 3800 BCE the Sumerians had supplanted the Ubaidians and Semites in southern Mesopotamia. They built better canals for irrigating crops and for transporting crops by boat to village centers. They improved their roads, over which their donkeys trod, some of their donkeys pulling wheeled carts. And the Sumerians grew in number, the increase in population the key element in creating what we call civilization Do you know? Civilization is a word derived from an ancient word for  city. LIVINGS around each city were fields of grain, orchards of date palms, and land for herding.Besides planting and harvesting crops, some Sumerians hunted, fished, or raised livestock. In addition to an increase in population, civilization was also about variety, and enough food was produced to support people who worked at other occupations — such as the priesthood, pottery making, weaving, carpentry and smithing. There were also traders, and the Sumerians developed an extensive commerce by land and sea. They built seaworthy ships, and they imported from afar items made from the wood, stone, tin and copper not found nearby The Sumerians used slaves, although they were not a major part of the economy.Slave women worked as weavers, pressers, millers, and porters. The social structure of the Sumerians was decidedly different from other societies of th at and later times. The Sumerian communities were city states organized around a temple and ruled by a priesthood. There was a class of craftsmen in addition to the priests and peasants. The craftmen devoted most of their time to producing things for either the temples or the warrior-soldiers which protected the temple community. The people were to devote their lives to propitiating the gods to prevent calamities from befalling the community.

Retailling and distribution strategy - Analyse two luxury Essay

Retailling and distribution strategy - Analyse two luxury brands.CHANEL and ARMANI - Essay Example But with the increasing income level and also expenditures of the customers’ good branded companies try and move to other parts of the world to expand their business and also to increase their market share. In this report the two fashion brand giants Chanel and Armani have been selected for studying and understanding the internationalisation strategy of the two different companies. Both the companies have got their presence in not only in their parent nations but also in other parts of the world where they have expanded their business in a successful manner. The distribution channel and the marketing strategy followed by the companies while exploring new markets in the global market can be seen with the help of these two brands. It is very important to have a good distribution channel and also a strong marketing strategy for any company to become successful in the global market environment as the amount of competition is very high across the global market and every company is striving hard to move ahead and capture the maximum market share. Chanel is one of well-known fashion brand which is basically from Parisian fashion house. It was been founded by Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel and is highly recognised in specialisation for luxury goods and haute couture. Chanel has looked to come up with women’s pants, costume jewellery, fashionable dresses and simple suits. Its designs and creations of the dresses have remained same and consistent from many years without any change (Aaker, 2008, pp. 56-64). Chanel highly involves into designing, manufacturing and retailing of beautiful and fashionable dress items and also accessories. It was founded in 1909 and it has its headquarters in Neuilly Sur Seine in France. Chanel has around 200 boutiques spread across different parts of world. Though, Chanel is not that popular as it always has maintained a low profile in the market and

Latin american history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin american history - Essay Example analysis of the political and economic history of Columbia, Cuba, and Mexico, this essay demonstrates that the flawed economic policies of the countries are predominantly at fault. In Latin America, the 1980’s are referred to as ‘Decada de aprendizaje doloroso’ , or the decade of painful experiences. Nowhere were these experiences more evident than in Columbia. According to David Robinson, â€Å"economic problems†¦had a significant impact on the political systems in the region. Elected governments still tend to support their own interests or those of elite groups (Robinson).† The government had increasing levels of foreign debt, which forced them to devalue the currency repeatedly. People from rural areas became poorer. Even the resource-rich Columbia faced internal problems of guerrillas and the drug cartels. According to a May 8, 1990 Time magazine article, kidnapping and murder of political aspirants became a routine affair carried out by the drug cartels, in order to influence the outcome of the elections. According to the magazine, 503 people were murdered and 18 kidnapped in a single week in May. From the United States per spective, Columbia is of national importance because of its geographic location and natural resources Although Columbia is an ally of the United States, 90% of the illegal cocaine in the United States comes from Columbia, which has still not become a safe place. Fighting continues between the armed groups maintained by the drug cartels and the government forces. A United Nations report indicates that â€Å"2 million people have been displaced because of armed conflict in Columbia† this year. Most of the internally displaced persons were Afro-Columbians, who fled because they were frightened of the fighting between the Columbian army and the armed groups operating near the Atrato river in north-western Columbia. Although a determined effort by the government to overcome the drug cartels has resulted in a semblance of order in

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin Research Paper

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example On the other hand, it is said that approximately ten percent of all families and 34 percent of families with a female householder and no husband present had incomes below the poverty level (Bayless, B. 2005). The below graph shows the poverty levels at the county of Marinette. The major cause of non violence related death in the county of Marinette is mainly the usually the lung related ailments and this are mainly caused by smoking of tobacco. It is reported that approximately about 15% of all the deaths which are reported in this county is due to smoking. It is also said that cigarette smoking do usually cause about 79% of all the lung cancer deaths in this county and about 13% of all the deaths in this county is due to heart related ailments (Bayless, B. 2005). According to the police unit in this county, the overall crime rate which was reported in this state is the highest in all the counties in the Wisconsin state. However, most of the crimes which are committed in this state mainly consist of petty robbery which is followed by burglary. Assault is also on the increase in this states and the below table highlights the crime rate at this country and it is based on statistics which were collected in the year 2004. As at the year 200, the major language which was spoken in this county is the Germany language and this was attributed to the fact most of the inhabitants of this county are whites from Germany and they consist about 37.8% of all the white population which is about 98.08%. Other primary languages which are spoken in this country include English and polish. The secondary language includes Spanish, French, Hindu and the native language. According to the below table, we can see that the population of this county is somehow composed of whites and the majority of the whites are from Germany and hence making it the major language which is spoken in this county. The Germans are also followed by the polish and of which some of them speak the Germany language. Marinette County, Wisconsin Estimate Total: 42,729 White alone 41,653 Black or African American alone 106 American Indian and Alaska Native alone 314 Asian alone 64 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 Some other race alone 256 Two or more races: 336 Two races including Some other race 32 Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races 304 Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2005-2007 American Community survey. What are the 3 main causes of death in the community The main cause of death in the community is mainly attributed to heart and lung related ailments. Most of these deaths are usually attributed to smoking of cigarettes which have affected most of the community members. Also

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud Research Paper

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud - Research Paper Example Thus, the framework will only be used to the extent of four components of earnings management namely paper earnings management (PEM), real earnings management (REM), paper earnings fraud (PEF), and real earnings fraud (REF). PEM and REM relate to earnings management practices that comply with accounting standards and corporate laws in place while REF and PEF are earnings management practices that violate the standards and laws in place. Earnings Management Measurement The type of data used in this study shall be secondary data collected from the DataStream database. Such data is usually found from the financial statements of listed companies and therefore deemed reliable. Therefore, the issues of data reliability and validity for the present study shall not arise as no tools shall be developed for the collection of primary data. A number of approaches have been used by researchers to measure earnings management (Prior, Surroca and Tribo, 2007). According to McNicols (2000), three app roaches have been commonly used. These are: specific accruals, distribution of earnings, and total accruals. The present study will employ the total accruals approach which consists of both discretionary accruals and non-discretionary accruals (Dechow et al. 1995). Prior studies presented two approaches for measuring totals accruals. For instance, Kothari (2005) uses the balance sheet method while Jaggi et al. (2009) use the cash flow approach. Following Jones (1991) and Dechow et al. (1995), the current or total accruals can be defined using the balance sheet method as: TACt = ?CAt - ?Cash-?CLT + ?DCL – DEPt Where:?CAt = This denotes change in current assets in year t ? Cash = This is a change in cash and cash equivalents in year t?CLT = This is a change in current liabilities in year t?DCL = This means a change in debt included in current liabilities in year t. DEPt = This is depreciation and amortization expense in year t Collins and Hriber (2002) noted that the cash flow approach was a superior method than the balance sheet approach especially for companies experiencing mergers and acquisitions. Sun and Rath (2009) argued that the discretionary accrual approach is potentially ill-specified. This study therefore uses the cash flow estimation approach. Under the cash flow method, total accruals are estimated as follows: TAC t = Income t – Cash Flow t Where: Income = Earnings before extraordinary and abnormal items in year t Cash Flow t = Operating cash flow in year t Prior et al., (2007) noted that earnings management is estimated through discretionary accruals (DA) which are computed by â€Å"detracting the expected or non-discretionary accruals (NDA) from the total accruals (TA)† (p. 34). The DA and NDA can be estimated using the Kothari et al (2005) model. The model is different from the modified Jones model proposed by Dechow et al. (1995), and includes a non-deflated term that captures performance (ROA). Consistent with most empiric al studies in earnings management, the present study will adopt the modified Jones model. The argument for the adoption of this model is best described by Alghamdi (2012) as follows: â€Å"The argument of this study is that management may engage in earnings management via discretionary revenues by timing the recording of these revenues, such as recording them at the year-end when the cash has not yet been collected.  

Internet Censorship classical arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Censorship classical arguments - Essay Example The problem of censorship of internet can only be solved if it is distributed according to the location. However, most of the people have positive arguments about the censorship of the internet, as it can restrict the exposure if the pornographic material to children. Filtering the web content is an effective way to control the accessed information on the internet. However, it may require the constant control to limit the utilization of the information and a prevention method to deny the access of new pornographic content. Another method is to blacklist such websites that are providing the information that is socially or culturally irrelative. However, as the internet is growing day by day and every day new websites having some kind of restricted material are launched, thus blacklisting is the perfect solution. Many governments like the Islamic and the Asian countries have the certain level of restriction employing both blacklisting and other methods to avoid the exposure of pornogra phic as well as such contents that depicts unfavorable comments about the governments and leaders. Islamic Countries like Saudi Arabia, have adopted a higher level of filtering the content as they have the view that the censorship would not endanger the Islamic rules and regulations. However, it is not possible to fully control the web content. The father or the internet â€Å"Vint Cerf† argue that it is not possible for the government to fully control the internet as it is owned by the private sector (Fonseca, n. pag). However, many people argue that censorship of the internet is only to crush the freedom of the public and everyone has the right to attain the information he would like to attain. Censoring the internet is only to restrict the information that is against the freedom of humanity. If the restriction is only imposed to the pornographic web content, the restriction would be considered as a righteous act. However, it is not only imposed to the web content that is p romoting porn but also imposed to the content that has views against the government or against the culture of certain region like in majority of Iran, youtube.com and facebook.com are also banned due to the reason that the websites are promoting the western culture and are against the Islamic culture (idebate.org, n. pag). In this way, the information on the sites is also restricted in these areas. Annotated Bibliography Bidgoli, Hossein. The Internet Encyclopedia. Volume 2, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, , 2004. Print This book helps the students how they can use the internet with the restriction by government. These restrictions are for the betterment of society. In this book classical definition of censorship is also clarified, that how much things are included in censorship which should be restricted from the teenagers. Schultz, David Andrew. â€Å"Encyclopedia of American Law†. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2002. Print. This book describes the American Laws regarding th e censorship of the internet. The common use of the internet and resources has to apply some restrictions on the content to avoid the exposure of the adult content to the children. Fonseca, Pedro. â€Å"Cerf Sees Government Control of Internet Failing†. Reuters.com. Nov 14th, 2007. Web. The site describes the ideas of the father of internet Vint Cerf’