Analysis of Challenges in International Management Essay

Analysis of Challenges in International Management† Abstract The following essay analysis the challenges in International Management with particular regard to the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international business as it is the must difficult to deal with and being essential for successful results in a wide range of global management tasks nowadays and in the future. Introduction Today successful international management requires more than a lot of frequent flyer miles or seasoned expatriate managers. But what are those exclusive challenges of international management in today’s world? The importance of international management is constantly increasing, as we exist in a world where globalisation is affecting the traditional borders in a broad range of areas. †¢Trade and investment, †¢Economic alliances, †¢The international stage players, and †¢The work environment are changing rapidly, being supported by the increasing sophistication and lower cost of information technology. World trade and investments are growing fast (the volume of world trade among countries has grown at an average rate over 8% since 2005 (WTO 2008)), linking the economies and creating opportunities and threats. New, strong and forced competitors are coming from developing nations in Asia and the transitioning economies of Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the constantly rising level of foreign direct investment also has a globalising effect (Thomas 2002). Moreover, the emergence of the free-trade areas drastically decreased traditional economic boundaries. So do the three largest groups, the EU, the NAFTA, and the APEC, account for nearly half of the world’s trade (Cullen 2002) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) now has 140 member-nations, aiming to reduce tariffs and liberalize trade. But globalization also affects the work environments within organizations. Changes involve cutbacks, team-based management movements and privatization. For instance, there can be factory closings, as Nokia closing their German plant in Bochum moving to Romania, because of cheaper labour. All in all, as one key consequence of globalisation, international managers nowadays have to face a more dynamic, complex, competitive and uncertain environment and need skills (as a global mindset or the ability to work with people from diverse background) not considered necessary for domestic-only managers. The environment of international management can be divided into †¢economic, †¢legal, †¢political, and †¢cultural factors (Thomas 2002). So for making decisions it is essential to understand the economic strategies of the countries in or with one wants to conduct business with, because level of economic development and quality of life differs extremely worldwide. Furthermore, there are various national sovereign laws and regulations existing in the world which have to be observed and made allowance for. And in addition, there are several varieties of political systems (e. g. , theocratic totalitarianism in Saudi Arabia), containing different levels of political risks which have to be managed. For instance, decision makers have to able to estimate the degree of risk associated with a government’s involvements in business affairs depending on characteristics of their company. All these factors present impressive challenges multinational management has to face. However, the management challenge of culture and its effects on business practices and organizations is one of the most difficult to deal with. As conducting business with people from other cultures will never be easy you have to understand how culture affects management and organizations. â€Å"Culture† is a concept borrowed from cultural anthropology and there are numerous and subtle different definitions. As each definition has limitations focussing on international management the following description of Geert Hofstede seems very helpful. He defines the culture of any society as comprising shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations (Hofstede 2008). Culture is something shared by members of a particular group, differentiates humans from other groups, is transmitted through the process of learning and adapts to external and internal environments and relationships. The international businessperson needs to be aware of three levels of cultures that may influence multinational operations. These include national culture, business culture, and organisational cultures (Cullen 2002). National culture can be described as the dominant culture within the political borders of a nation-state. But one has to be aware that multiple cultures can exist within political boundaries and they do not necessarily reflect cultural borders. For instance, Canada being home to Anglophones and Francophones. Furthermore, even relatively homogenous cultures can have diverse subcultures, including cultural differences which are affecting the international business. Nevertheless, as most business is conducted within the political borders of a state and nations can be defined as political unities, varying in governmental, legal, educational, institutional and labour systems, influencing the way people interact with their environment (Thomas 2002), national culture has the greatest effect on international business being probably the most logic starting point trying to understand the cultural environment. Business culture, reflecting the national culture, influences all aspects of work and organizational life (e. g. , motivating staff, negotiating with business partners, etc. and knowing it’s basic requirements (e. g. , what to wear to business meetings, business etiquette is more formal in Germany than in the U. S. with conservative dark business suits, etc. ) is essential for the international manager. Moreover, especially in the last few years, people realized that the â€Å"culture†-concept also holds for individual organizations. So may differences in organizational culture may be one reason why the merger of two otherwise successful companies failed. It is important to evaluate the influence of organizational rules, norms and procedures to understand the causes of behaviour in organizations. With shared behaviours, conditional relationship, being socialized into and partly involved in it, etc. organizational culture differs in construction and elements of national culture. Even so understanding these cultural factors is fundamental for international managers conducting international business, they have to be aware that â€Å"cultures† can just offer wide guidelines for behaviour, as for instance organizational cultures differ within any national context and individuals vary in each culture level. One cannot predict exactly how each person acts, feels, thinks, etc. Nonetheless, broad generalization about a culture provides a level of analysis from which to begin to understand the cultural environment and the complexities of cultural differences, because management functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in a global economy have to account for them. As international managers have to face various cultural challenges testing their management abilities they must be able to unpack the culture concept. Therefore the basic concepts of cultural dimensions can help them understand how two or more cultures might be different. An essential implication of these frameworks referring to international management and culture is that cultural interpretation and adaptation are a prerequisite to the comparative understanding of international management practice (Morden 1995). The following sections describe two popular models. Hofstede’s Culture Model This Framework, created by dutch scientist Geert Hofstede and based on a research over 11600 people in 50 countries (starting with 39 IBM subsiadiaries worldwide), tries to evaluate how basic values underlay organizational behaviour. National differences are investigated by five dimensions of basic cultural values: 1. Power distance 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Individualism 4. Masculinity and 5. Long-term orientation (Hofstede 2008). 1. This first value dimension refers to how cultures deal with inequality and tries to postion the inequality acceptance level by unequal power distribution society members. In countries with a high power distance acceptance (e. g. , such as Mexico), people respect and hardly ever bypass formal hierarchy positions (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 2. The second value dimension concerns about the degree humans in a society are threatened by uncertain situations. The social system of a higher uncertainty avoidance society is dominated by regulations and rules, predictabilties and orders and people tend to be suspicious of change, whereas people from lower levels of uncertainty avoidance societies (for instance, countries such as Denmark). tend to be less formal, take higher business risks and plan and structure less 3. Individualism refers to the affinity to primarily take care of oneself and one’s direct family, and then to the rest of society (with the U. S. being a good example) (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 4. The fourth dimension of â€Å"masculinity† concerns about the ranking of tradionally â€Å"masculine† values in a society, such as less concerning for others, materialism and assertiveness, whereas â€Å"feminity† on the other side emphasises the quality of life and relationships. 5. Long-term orientation cultures are insistent and saving (e. g. the culture of China) and short-term orientation is more self-centered, money-oriented and more social. All these factors are inter-reliant and interactive in their effects. So shows the Anglo-Dutch example Unilever the practicability of multinational enterprises where the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism values are similar; and where the masculine achievement orientation of the British complements the people orientation of the Dutch (Morden 1995). All in all, so there is a lot of criticism (for instance, the time-dependence of the results, the non-exhaustive investigation of only one multinational US company, etc. to these findings and the model of Hofstede, it is still a very valuable and useful â€Å"gift† for understanding culture and culture-based behavior. Trompenaars’ Culture Model The model created by Fons Trompenaars its also based on the researched of value dimensions. He studied the behavoiur of 15000 managers, representing 47 national cultures (Hampden-Turner 2008). Five of the seven dimensions of his model deal with the challenges of h ow people relate to each other: 1. Universalism versus particularism 2. Neutral versus affective 3. Specific versus diffuse . Achievement versus ascription 5. Time as sequence versus synchronisation The two final dimensions deal with how a culture manages time and how it deals with nature. They include: 6. The society-orientation to the past, present, or future and 7. â€Å"Control of† versus â€Å"accommodation with† nature 1. The value of univerlism refers to the application to systems and rules objectively, without taking consideration to personal circumstances, whereas the particularism culture (e. g. in countries as Spain) is more subjective and focusses more on relationships. 2. The second, the neutral-versus-affective, value dimension refers on the emotional orientation of relationships (such as expressing your feelings and emotions more like, for example, the Portugese). 3. In Addition the specific-versus-diffus dimension investigates if people from a special culture tend to be more or less specific or diffuse in their relationships (for example, Germans try to separate work and personal issues). 4. In the achievement-versus-ascription dimension, it is asked: †What is the source of power and status in society? † (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008) So is for instance, in an achievement refering culture, the â€Å"status† of a person mainly based on it’s individual achievement (such as job performance, etc. ). 5. â€Å"Time as sequence† orientated cultures separate events in time (â€Å"step-by-step†), whereas â€Å"time as synchronisation†-orientated indiviuals manage events in parallel. (For example, if their business partners are not sharp on time, Germans, coming from a â€Å"time-as-sequence† orientated culture, may consider it an insultation). 6. This value dimension is about past versus future orientations. 7. Moreover, this dimension refers to the extent to which individuals feel that they themselves are the primary influence on their lives. Using this framework trying to understand some culture-basics some interesting patterns may emerge. Altough, being recognised for their validity (the results of these both major studies have some significant parallels, even so they were carried out in different times using different methods and examples), these concepts of cultural value orientation proposed by Hofstede and Tropmenaar can only give a basic framework for the analysis of cultural differences. They are utensils to help understand a culture and adjusting business practices to diverse cultural environments. They are for instance, a prerequisite to the successful new-market country entry, whether by setting up licensing or new subsidiaries, joint ventures, mergers or for the establishment of efficient programmes of international HR development (Kay 1993). But international managers have to realise that the understanding of another culture is a inexhaustible learning process. They will have to practice for their international work with or in other countries by studiying all that they can about the country, including more than just the business etiquette. Understanding the national culture builds just the foundation. As you seldom can get behind the front stage of culture without speaking the national language onother basic instrument is learning the language. But the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international management takes such much more than this. International managers have to broaden their understanding of cultural differences and to learn to seek advantage in differences. Understanding the culture is just a basis for the diverse international management tasks, as appropriate cross-cultural communication (using appropiate communication styles), effective and positive motivating and leadership in international organisations and across cultures, successful negotiation with international business partners and making ethically and socially responsible decisions. Conclusion The environment of international management can be divided into economic, legal, political, and cultural factors, with â€Å"culture† being the most challenging and most difficult to deal with, influencing a broad range of management tasks. Providing oneself with the necessary knowlegde and understanding of the national culture of the country or the people one is conducting business with is essential and builds just the foundation for the successful complementation of global management tasks, such as for instance leadership in multinational organisations (where you have to have understanding of all three levels of culture; national, business and organisational culture, being different and influencing each other).

African Americans in the U.S. Essay

African Americans (American Blacks or Black Americans), racial group in the United States whose dominant ancestry is from sub-Saharan West Africa. Many African Americans also claim European, Native American, or Asian ancestors. A variety of names have been used for African Americans at various points in history. African Americans have been referred to as Negroes, colored, blacks, and Afro-Americans, as well as lesser-known terms, such as the 19th-century designation Anglo-African. The terms Negro and colored are now rarely used. African American, black, and to a lesser extent Afro-American, are used interchangeably today. Recent black immigrants from Africa and the islands of the Caribbean are sometimes classified as African Americans. However, these groups, especially first- and second-generation immigrants, often have cultural practices, histories, and languages that are distinct from those of African Americans born in the United States. For example, Caribbean natives may speak French, British English, or Spanish as their first language. Emigrants from Africa may speak a European language other than English or any of a number of African languages as their first language. Caribbean and African immigrants often have little knowledge or experience of the distinctive history of race relations in the United States. Thus, Caribbean and African immigrants may or may not choose to identify with the African American community. According to 2000 U. S. census, some 34. 7 million African Americans live in the United States, making up 12. 3 percent of the total population. 2000 census shows that 54. 8 percent African Americans lived in the South. In that year, 17. 6 percent of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18. 7 percent in the Midwest, while only 8. 9 percent lived in the Western states. Almost 88 percent of African Americans lived in metropolitan areas in 2000. With over 2 million African American residents, New York City had the largest black urban population in the United States in 2000. Washington, D. C. , had the highest proportion of black residents of any U. S. city in 2000, with African Americans making up almost 60 percent of the population. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Atlantic Slave Trade, Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced transportation of at least 10 million enslaved Africans from their homelands in Africa to destinations in Europe and the Americas during the 15th through 19th centuries. European and North American slave traders transported most of these slaves to areas in tropical and subtropical America, where the vast majority worked as laborers on large agricultural plantations. See Slavery. Between 1440 and 1880 Europeans and North Americans exchanged merchandise for slaves along 5600 km (3500 miles) of Africa’s western and west central Atlantic coasts. These slaves were then transported to other locations around the Atlantic Ocean. The vast majority went to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish-speaking regions of South America and Central America. Smaller numbers were taken to Atlantic islands, continental Europe, and English-speaking areas of the North American mainland. Approximately 12 million slaves left Africa via the Atlantic trade, and more than 10 million arrived. The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people in world history prior to the 20th century. This transfer of so many people, over such a long time, had enormous consequences for every continent bordering the Atlantic. It profoundly changed the racial, social, economic, and cultural makeup in many of the American nations that imported slaves. It also left a legacy of racism that many of those nations are still struggling to overcome. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. AAVE Distinctive patterns of language use among African Americans arose as creative responses to the hardships imposed on the African American community. Slave-owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke many different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English on their plantations. Moreover, many whites were unwilling to allow blacks to learn proper English. One response to these conditions was the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate with each other. Some of these pidgins eventually became fully developed Creole languages spoken by certain groups as a native language. Significant numbers of people still speak some of these Creole languages, notably Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called black English or Ebonics, is a dialect of English spoken by many African Americans that shares some features with Creole languages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Fresh Foods versus Canned Foods Essay

Eating is an activity that we as humans do at least two times a day. We live in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we are responsible for what we eat. We decide what we are about to eat and how it will affect our bodies. However, each food differs from one to another. For example are the fresh food and the canned food. Fresh foods and canned foods are two kinds of different types of food that have their own benefits and disadvantages. The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor. Fresh food have great flavor because they keep their natural conditions. Canned foods however, lack a lot of its flavor characteristic because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods. Comparing both types of foods we can notice another difference. Â  That is the health factor that affects our bodies. While the fresh food keep their original freshness and flavor, canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, a nd also it has chemical ingredient when consumed too much will become toxin in our bodies. Another difference between these two types of food is the cost. Canned foods are much more expensive than the fresh foods. In contrast to the cost, canned foods are easier to find, they also require less work to prepare than fresh food. As we can see there are three main differences between the fresh foods and the canned foods. However, the main reason we chose our foods lies on our personal choice, based on time each person has, the money and the importance we give to our nutrition and health. Therefore it is important that you consider your possibilities and choose the best type of food for your convenience and life style.

Expression in architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Expression in architecture - Term Paper Example Drafting also gets referred to as technical drawing. It involves the process through which a mechanical engineer creates and designs instructions for manufacturing components (David & Madsen, 2011). Drafting can get carried out through a hand drawing scheme or a computer assisted model that will show the required steps to manufacture a component and also the required materials as well as the assembly notes. Through the use of computer added design tools, drafters get to make plans for almost everything from tiny electronic equipment to building constructions. Drafting gets used in almost all branches of engineering, as well as architecture (David & Madsen, 2011). To create construction drawings, architects employ the use of computer aided design and drafting tools. Drafters specialize in the creation of technical drawings and plans that get used by architects to build structures and other objects. As a mechanical engineer who specializes in drafting and design, one can get employed in various industries such as architectural and engineering firms, transportation equipment manufacturing and machinery manufacturing (David & Madsen, 2011). These industries provide a diverse work environment for individuals. This gets to be so since working as an engineer requires one to interact with other professionals such as engineers, surveyors, and or architects. Such a work environment requires for the drafter to have a good interpersonal skill as part and parcel of his or her personal attribute. My aim is to work as an aeronautical engineer where I will specialize in design and drafting. Work as an aeronautical drafter revolves around preparation of engineering drawings, which get to detail plans and specifications for the manufacture of aircrafts and their parts. Getting employed in an aeronautical firm as a drafter, an individual gets to work in an office setting for most periods of time. Such offices need to be comfortable and furnished

Graphics and Illustrations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Graphics and Illustrations - Essay Example Below, two graphic designers are discussed and both of them belong to totally different times. The first graphic designer discussed is Robert Brownjohn. He was one of the famous graphic designers in 1950's and 1960's. He designed the title of James Bond movies and did a lot of other remarkable work. The second graphic designer discussed is David Carson. He is one of the most famous graphic designers of today's world. He worked with the famous brands of today's world. The brands he worked with include Pepsi Cola, Nike, Armani etc. The similarity between the both designers is that they both experimented with the typography and both of them are considered to be the first one in this regard. Graphic designer is a person who is expert in graphic designing and art. His job is to work in graphics professionally and give illustrations to his customers according to their need. They deal with the images, typography and videos. They put them together and create a piece of graphics or illustrations. Their job is to develop graphics and illustrations for advertising purpose mostly. Their work is published and printed in newspapers and magazines and also is displayed on the electronic media. People expect the work of graphic designer to be perfect and aesthetic. The aesthetic sense of the designer plays an important role in this process. People pay him for not only his skills but his aesthetic sense. With the rise of twentieth century, world saw the rise of graphi... So it could be said that print media played and important role in developing the graphics and illustrations. The electronic media played very important role in development of graphics and illustrations. Televisions and cinema gave a bigger platform to the advancement of graphics and illustrations. And then comes the computer graphics and internet. It could be said that internet provided a bigger canvas to the designers. They can improve their work and can also share it with other designers. This helps them in improving and polishing their talents. Graphics designers can display their work all over the world through internet. And it is a great development for them. While taking a look at the history of the graphics and illustrations, it becomes clear that the start of graphics took place in 1820 with the industrial revolution. Though at that time, they were called the pattern makers. In US, it starts in 1920, when consumer society emerged. Different commercial artists, advertisers and illustrators came up with their ideas and started graphics and illustrations as their profession and sooner it became an important industry. Robert Brownjohn Robert Brownjohn was a famous graphic designer of his time. He was born in 1925 and died in 1970. Most of his work is in typography and graphics. He was an initiator of computer graphics in New York during 1950's and in London during 1960's. So his contribution to computer graphics cannot be ignored. His work includes the designing of the title of James Bond's movies. He developed the graphics of Robert Fraser Gallery. Another work that increased his fame was the artwork that he designed for Rolling Stone musical group. He got a great affection with music and it is obvious

Information Systems in Accounting and Finance Essay

Information Systems in Accounting and Finance - Essay Example Security controls help in controlling attacks, these attacks maybe passive or active in nature. In passive attack, the information is not interfered with, however, for the active attack it involves interfering with the traffic, flow of messages. These may include the destruction and the deletion of important information by attackers masquerading as employees or impersonating other employees. The system accountant must apply some controls to ensure these risks are controlled. The ever-growing need to improve service delivery and storage of information has an equal measure of challenges. For instance, most retail organizations must ensure their pricing, product codes, and another confidential information is safe from malicious personnel (Hall, 2013). The retail organization will build a system that captures the price list of all the household appliances in their stores. The system will also have unique codes for each item on sale. This makes the organization have the potential to empower their customers to make online purchase. Customers can log into their website and make involve, and payment for their household items. The company must have measures to deliver the item either through courier delivery or alternative shipment strategy. The main challenge is lost or theft of such information thereby denting the credibility of the organization (Boczko, 2012). A retail organization involved in selling of home appliance must have proper working accounting syst ems that safeguard the customer information from individuals who may attempt to misuse the information. Therefore, such organizations must have strategies that identify possible risks and security threats to enable institution of audit procedures aiming at mitigation of the type of risks (Grande et al., 2011; Colbert, 2002). The essay looks at the types of risks and security threats a retail organization may face and the possible control

U02d1 Corporate Responsibility for Compliance Essay

U02d1 Corporate Responsibility for Compliance - Essay Example Here in the case of a health care organization, the licensing allows the professionals and gives them a legal right to work in the industry and in the profession (Pozgar, 2007). Accreditation has been expressed as a voluntary organization which provides the institution with an authorization which is based on the predetermined standards and the measurement criteria (CS & MSN, 2010). The GDP of the country has been directly influenced by the cost of health care in the country. There are several different aspects like the fee for service, the taxation that is set for the support and development of Medicare and Medicaid services and the managed care for all. There have been several discussions and arguments that the health care is not driven by the customers and is mainly by the employers. Private organizations tend to be very strict about their functioning with very little or no transparency in the operations and with little or no accountability to the public. The accreditation process for all companies is relatively much more on the outcomes than the structure and the process that is being used by the organizations. The state and federal licensing have a relatively more transparent process and the working of the company is relatively much more available for the general public to see as compared to that of the private organizations. The private bodies also have the ability to make any changes without providing any kind of notification to the public while the state or federal bodies need to notify all changes to the public. The private bodies are relatively able to manage their finances well while the states of federal are dependent on the funding and the sponsors to a great extent. Irrespective of whether the organization is privately held or if it is a part of the state and federal operations the main factors that need to be considered is the need for compliance and ability to stay in track with all

A death of princess (Misha'al bint Fahd al Saud) Research Paper

A death of princess (Misha'al bint Fahd al Saud) - Research Paper Example There is no denying the fact that one major reason for which people would want to travel from one place to the other is to have a feel of the diversity in culture that exits in different parts of the world. But as much as cultural differences give different people of this world unique identities and personalities, there are cases that some cultural practices practiced in certain places of the world have come up for very sharp global and universal debate and discussion (Brown, 2008). Such debates and discussions are most common about cultural practices that touch on themes of gender, class, race, and ability. In this essay, there is critical review of the case of Misha’al bint Fahd al Saud from a cultural and religious perspective, while discussing how various forms of privilege become evident in her story. This is done with the use of the docu-drama story of â€Å"Death of a Princess†, which gives a secondary account of the execution of the princess on the accusation of adultery. The essay shall be addressed from an argumentative perspective, seeking to weigh all sides of prevailing issues as gender, class, race, ability, the reaction of the media, use of privilege. A conclusion shall then be drawn on the side or opinion held by the writer on both sides of the arguments to either justify or condemn various acts that took place. Interlocking themes of social justice Gender During the setting of the event, which was in the 1970s, issues of gender discrimination and gender suppression, especially against the female gender had gone on against most Islamic nations and for that matter, Saudi Arabia. The commonest forms of discrimination and suppression that females suffered are recorded to include in issues of education and selection of a life partner (Smillie, 2009). Some secondary sources have actually debated that the fact that Princess Misha’al bint Fahd al Saud had her education in Lebanon could be attributable to the opposition that she cou ld have faced if she took her education in Saudi Arabia (LittleJohn and Foss, 2008). Argumentatively however, the question of justification in some of these practices that are considered as abuse of the personality of the female gender has been raised in other debates. For example the preservation of chastity and the impact that it has on the moral fiber of the people has been raised. It would be noted that even though education was not totally absent, there were laws that forbad the education of boys and girls in the same classroom setting. Such practices have been said to champion the quest to minimize the natural and biological bond that exists between males and females, especially when they become adolescents. This debate notwithstanding, there is another school of thought that believes that gender related laws in Saudi Arabia is biased against females and this is where the problem is. For the princess, it has been argued that her freedom to make choices of whom she wanted to be with was greatly abused when the royal family attempted to impose a man on her. Class Throughout primary and secondary sources for the story of Pincess Misha’al bint Fahd, the issue of class and how it was used have been questioned and debated. First and foremost, there are researchers who hold the opinion that the king’s action might not have gotten to the extent it did if the Princess was from any ordinary family, and for that matter, a low class family (Jacobsen, 2008). This is because according to such reviewers, the princess’s grandfather, who ordered her execution, took particular interest in the case following the level of shame and

Investigating the use of enatomology in criminal investigations Essay

Investigating the use of enatomology in criminal investigations - Essay Example an insect’s development can be affected by a number of factors such as heat, water, fire etc. Also the time necessary before eggs are deposited will vary according to the species and may also be affected by the fact that groups are genetically and geographically different e.g. results in an English winter will be very different from those in a Florida swamp even if the species concerned is the same. Certain species of fly prefer urban, rather than rural environments, so for instance a body found invaded by such fly larvae in a rural situation may well mean that the person was killed in the city and the body subsequently dumped. Jerry Butler, an American forensic entomologist, reports that he uses mainly evidence from five species of flies, in his investigations. Taxonomy originally referred to the identifying and naming of living organisms, and the system of doing this in a scientific way was originally devised by Linnaeus though the system has been much expanded since . Butler claims that if particular flies are found and identified correctly and the ambient temperature is known then the time of death can be determined fairly exactly if the body is found quickly enough. The successful investigation may depend upon the correct analysis of material evidence found and in a case where a body has been undiscovered for some time this will include entomological evidence e.g. have fly eggs been laid and had time to hatch? In case II ( see appendix)the forensic entomologist was able to work backwards from the time that adult flies emerged in order to discover when the first eggs were laid. In Case I ( see appendix ) the instars were at stage 3 i.e they had at least 1517 accumulated degree hours. In the case of the child behind the stove the creatures were fully developed Knowing the times that takes may lead to being able to pinpoint the time the body was

Transformational Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Transformational Leadership - Assignment Example Therefore, as a form of a referent power, the personal charisma of transformational leaders makes it easier for them to attract and win the support of their subordinates (Posakoff & Schriesheim, 1985). Yes. In the company where I used to work, my supervisor is a good example of a leader that uses transformational leadership style. Rather than imposing strict rules and guidelines, my supervisor is more focused on motivating us to become self-efficient workers. By trusting our work capabilities and putting up high expectations on our work performances, my previous supervisor indirectly trains us to become leaders in our own little way. His leadership technique also inspires us to work together as a team in order to achieve the organizational goal. Among the other types of leaders, authentic leaders resemble close to an effective transformational leaders. In general, authentic leaders are individuals who show strong confidence, hope, optimism, and resiliency which are needed to allow them to develop greater self-awareness and self-regulated positive behavior among their subordinates (Luthans & Avolio, 2003, pp. 241-258). Similar to transformational leaders, authentic leaders are able to recognize the value of each individual based on their personality type and special talents (Avolio & Gardner, 2005). Since authentic leaders allow each employee to go through the process of self-reflection and self-awareness, the team members are free to express themselves and inspire other people within the workplace (Avolio & Gardner, 2005; Covey,

Representation of Men and Women in Advertisement Essay

Representation of Men and Women in Advertisement - Essay Example The accent is made on appearance which is defined as the key to success in private and social life. Before you even open any glossy magazine you realize that to appear on the cover of it you need to fit all these criteria. The models in the advertisements of fashion magazines are intentionally unrealistic and unreachable: they seem to be weightless, ephemeral creatures.   Printed media has made it clear that thinness is almost equal to sexual attractiveness and all the women who fall out of the category S and sometimes even XS size do not have any chances to count on the attention of men. The gap between ultra-thin models and normal sizes of ordinary women is so huge that regularly comparison becomes unavoidable.  Ã‚   The most serious is the fact that advertising industry has made it a norm which means that it has managed to impose those unrealistic standards on all women of all classes and all nationalities. Fashion magazines models and Hollywood stars advertising this or that product whose beauty is far from natural- with multiple plastic surgeries and crowds of stylists and hairdressers tell common women how they must look, what they must wear, how they must smell.   For teenage and college girls as well as for adult women being exposed to such an extreme variant of beauty is very stressful. The only company that tried to overcome these stereotypes was Dove who invited women of normal size to advertise their products.

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Example for Free

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Introduction I. When the final exams, many student will push themselves to study and do not care about their surroundings. II. This means infinite hours of studying, insufficient amounts of sleep, and irregular diet and exercise. The end result problems are occurs, high sickness rates amongst college students. III. Staying illness-free during the final exam season is not easy feat, but is vital in order to maximize performance. IV. Today I will to introduce you to three ways how to keep healthy during exam Comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy eat, and have enough sleep and rest. (Transition: Let’s start by looking at comfortable place, time and body.) Body I. A comfortable place, time and body can help you to focus and can avoid stress when you are studying. A. Make a study time table and follow it. Â  i. Set aside time for friends, family and other activities but you must have your own time table. ii. You must know what you must to do during your weekdays and weekends. Make sure not wasting your time. B. Besides that, have a study space will help you a lot. i. Find somewhere that you are able to go and do your assignment and study in peace and quiet. ii. Find somewhere space you will comfortable with it, because some students have their own ways. C. Take your own break and not push yourself. i. It possible if you are can study without taking some break to release your tension and relaxed your mind. ii. The reason for that is to give your mind a rest and peace. (Transition: Like comfortable place, time and body, keep healthy eat are also the way to stay healthy during examination.) II. Besides that, you must keep your healthy diet during examinations. You must take some food even though you are do not have enough time. A. Find and eat healthy food. i. Find something that can help your brain more active and developed your good memories. ii. Take time away from study to eat, and put your healthy first. B. Be active and do not pressure your brain. i. Go out and do something active, such as go walk, jog or a run. It is can make your brain more active and release your tension. ii. If your mental are healthy, it will lead your mind in peace. (Transition: Now that we have looked at comfortable place, time and body and keep healthy eat, let’s turn to have enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that you get an enough sleep time and rest during in examinations week. A. Sleep time is more important because it will help your body and brain rest. i. Nowadays, many students do not care about their sleep time. Almost all students like to stay up during a night. ii. Without sleep you will be tired, irritable and cranky. B. Cut down the caffeine. i. It means that, many students like to take caffeine to prevent them from sleepy and want to stay up during a night. ii. It also disrupts your sleep patterns. Conclusion I. As we have seen, health is more important to us and we must keep our healthy with a true ways. II. I have focused on comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy diet and have an enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that, you as a student have be healthy during your exam. You just wasted your time if you not keep your body health. Bibliography Linda Formichelli (2012). Expert strategies for staying healthy at college. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/expert-strategies-staying-healthy-at-college Tasha Giuda (2011, December 14). Top tips to stay healthy during exam season. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.foxnews.com/fncu/current-interns/blog/2011/12/14/top-tips-stay-healthy-during-exam-season Siobhan (2012, October 25). Staying healthy during exams. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://siobhanb.blogspot.com/2012/09/staying-health-during-exams.html

A Character Analysis Of Harry Potter English Literature Essay

A Character Analysis Of Harry Potter English Literature Essay In J. K. Rowlings novel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, readers see Harrys character develop and build upon the person Rowling introduced in Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets shows Harry further mature as a wizard and as a person. Though he is still young, Harry learns many important lessons in this novel that help him learn about life and himself. By the end of the novel, readers can see Harry as a bit more developed, but not as a completely different person. The second novel in the Harry Porter series isnt too different from the first in that it enforces many of the characteristics readers have already learned about Harry from the first novel. For example, in Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone readers learn that Harrys deepest desire is to be with family. In the very beginning of the Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets readers learn that he cant wait to go back to Hogwarts and see his friends, who are his new family. Readers also see in the second novel that Harry has many doubts in himself, he still lacks confidence; likely caused by years of abuse by the Dursleys. Readers can also see that Harry is still kind, witty, honest and brave person. These can be seen when Harry treats Dobby as an equal in a kind manner, when Dobby asks him about his friends not writing and he immediately questions Dobby about how he knows that, when he refuses to lie to Dobby in order to get him to put down the cake, and finally when he uses the floo pow der without much hesitation. Readers also see that Harry is just as righteous in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as he was in Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. This can be seen in his distaste of people like Lucius and Draco. Another characteristic which Rowling builds on is how Harry deals with fame. In the first book readers see Harry discover that he is famous for the first time, however his new found fame doesnt really seem to impact him. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets readers see that Harry actually dislikes his fame. Harry seems to be the exact opposite of Lockhart. Though, Lockhart is oblivious to this and ends up offending Harry by assuming that he seeks fame the same way he does. Rowling clearly shows readers how Harry feels about his fame when tries to refuse to take a picture with Lockhart and even more so when his image in the picture refuses to stay in the image; leaving Lockhart to pose alone. Two major themes Rowling writes about in the novel are class and prejudice. From the very beginning of the novel readers can see that Harry treats all beings equal; seen when Dobby shows up. However, readers can also see how young and naÃÆ' ¯ve Harry is in this novel. For example, when Draco calls Hermione and a filthy little mudblood Harry has no idea what that means (112). Through this readers can see how innocent Harry actually is. He doesnt know how evil the world can be and this is something he learns during his time at Hogwarts. In addition, Harry lies to Dumbledore about what he knows and then turns to Riddle for help with figuring out what is happening. This shows how young Harry is and that his judgment still needs more developing. Eventually readers can see Harry gaining better judgment with regards to who he should trust. The voice that Harry hears also helps readers identify some of his characteristics. When Harry hears the voice say that it is time to kill (Rowling 137), his instinct is to follow the voice in hopes of preventing it from doing anyone any harm. This is a characteristic that Rowling continues to build upon with Harry. His instinct is to always do good things and prevent evil from occurring; however Harry does not understand the source or nature of the voice. This lack of understanding becomes the source of frustration and doubt for Harry. He later deals with this by confiding in his friends, but rejects help from a more mature and experienced people, such as Dumbledore. The fact that he seeks help from his friends shows some maturity in Harry, but because he doesnt seek help from Dumbledore readers can see that he has some growing up to do. Throughout the book Rowling enforces many of the characteristics she has already given Harry. For example, Harry doesnt look down on Filch for being a squib, he throws a firecracker into a cauldron while in potions class, so that Hermione may get the ingredients for the poly juice potion, and finally his performance during the Quidditch game versus Slytherins. These show that Harry treats all beings equal, that hell break the rules for the greater good, and the Quidditch match shows his bravery, loyalty, determination, and teamwork. The Quidditch match a very example for describing Harry because of how intense it is. Oliver tells Harry, get to that snitchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦or die trying and that is exactly what Harry does (167). In addition, he tells George and Fred to leave him alone, so that he can find the snitch while leaving himself defenseless to the rogue bludger. This shows that Harry is even willing to sacrifice himself if his friends benefit. Readers can see further development of Harrys character when the Riddles diary goes missing. Harry decides that he and Ron must talk to Hagrid about the situation even though he cant believe its him this time (259). Harry is willing to break rules because he is interested in protecting his Hogwarts as well as preserving it. This is an important scene in the novel because Harry does not generally do bad things. Harry never really has a problem discerning right from wrong. However, there are certain circumstances when he must break rules in order to achieve the greater good; this is yet another trait which Rowling is building upon. Readers can see that Harry does not accept status quo and will do whatever it takes to do whats right. Readers can see examples of this when Harry goes into the forbidden forest and makes Ron come with him. Even though the last time he went in the forbidden forest he saw Voldemort, Harry does not hesitate to go and even when he stands in front of Aragog Harr y keep his cool. In these passages readers can see that Harry truly is a brave person of action. Harrys bravery is also enhanced by the fact that he has to rely on his own instincts and himself for help; Hermione has been petrified and Rons wand is broken, rendering him useless. Another example of how Harrys character develops can be seen in how he handles being blamed for petrifying Hermione. Even though so many horrible things are going on around him, he doesnt explode or over react. In fact, when Ernie apologizes for suspecting him, Harry does not hold a grudge. Hermiones character actually players a major role in the development of Harry. Her condition leaves her confined to the infirmary and leaves Harry to solve problems hed leave to Hermione on his own. Without Hermiones knowledge, Harry must approach every dangerous encounter while relying on his own instincts, bravery, and loyalty. For example, when Ron suggests that they go speak with Lockhart, the Rowling tells the reader that Harry agreed because he couldnt think of anything else to do, and because he wanted to do something (296). Also, when they go to see Lockhart and realize that he intends on running away, it is Harry who challenges Lockharts and stops him. He tells Lockhart, Youre the Defense against the Dark Arts teacher . . . You cant go now! (297). These scenes show readers that Harry is becoming more independent and can rely on his own abilities. Even without anyones help Harry is capable of making his own decisions and doing what he believes is right. In the Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, readers see Harry take part in a conflict similar to the ending of Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. In this final conflict, Harry shows immense bravery and loyalty. He also learns an important lesson with regards to his good nature and trusting other people. Harry wanted to believe that Riddle wanted to help him, but he soon discovers that he is doesnt. In fact, he learns that Riddle is Voldemort and Harry shows courage in trying to fight him. Harry also shows how loyal he actually is when he tells Riddle that Dumbledore is the greatest wizard in the world (314).Because of his loyalty, Harry is rewarded with the phoenix and even though Harry doesnt know exactly what to do, he is still brave enough to fight. The end of the book also foreshadows what is to become of Harry. Harry using his wit to trick Lucius into freeing Dobby shows that in the future hell have combat evil with his intelligence in addition to his actions. Even though many readers many have grown a dislike for Dobby because of what he has done to Harry; Harry sees that his actions were to help him, so Harry tries to help him in return. This kindness is a characteristic Rowling also builds upon in Harry and is essential in his personality. Harrys character evolves throughout the novel. In the end readers are presented with a character that is different, but not completely. Readers can see that Harry is not an exceptional hero. In fact he is more of an average person that is aided by those who care for him and are genuinely concerned for his well being. Harry is a good person and this would be true even if he wasnt a wizard. While magic adds to the novel, it does not entirely make up Harrys personality. In fact, it is Harrys human characteristics that allow Harry to shine as a hero in this novel. He is a hero, but this fact is not based solely on him being a wizard. In conclusion, Harrys development teaches readers many things and gives them some insight of what is to become of Harry. One theme of the novel is that people will always encounter obstacles. Harry learns that even as a wizard, he will always face difficult times. To overcome his endeavors Harry must continue to grow as a person and continue to live fully aware that dangers are present. The best Harry can do is keep using his strong character traits such as honestly, bravery, wit, loyalty, and finally what is probably most important to his character vigilance. Work Cited Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. New York: Scholastic Inc. 1999.

Prochaska and Di Clemente Stages of Change

Prochaska and Di Clemente Stages of Change The transtheoretical model of change is one of several models of health promotion used by health care professionals in an effort to recognise and foresee health behaviours. The model is supported by various authors as a successful tool and framework within health education. (Warner 2003) This assignment will introduce the model and briefly discuss its input to health promotion together with further developments since its beginning. A concise account of its use in present health education will be given and referred to where applicable. The assignment will go on to discuss the relevance of the transtheoretical model of change within nursing practice and provide an understanding of the model by explaining the main theories. In addition the assignment will discuss and provide further information on what areas impact on how the model is used and why. Further discussion will take account of the strength of the approach used by this model and include theories on why it is used giving consideration to the patient as well as the health care professional. It is recommended that successful health education models can be used to asses goals in order to engage in pre-emptive behaviour and consequently it is crucial that the model is explained in order to take full advantage of its use. (Downie et al. 1997, Ogden 2004) The approach will be investigated in order that the reader can form an opinion on its use and why it is needed within health education. It is acknowledged that nursing and health care practice should be established on the most current and reliable research available and nurses must practice in partnership with equally the patient and other health authorities (NMC 2008). The writer hopes to establish the reader with the necessary information that satisfies these requirements and gives further discussion on how the transtheoretical model of change can be applied to clinical practice. This will include criticisms and challenges against the model and look at how the model is included within broader professional health care such as current health promotion campaigns. Finally a conclusion will be provided which will summarise the findings of this assignment and emphasise any significant features that add to the validity of the model and its use within health care. The transtheoretical model of change was developed by Prochaska and Di Clemente (1983) and grew from systematic integration of more than 300 theories of psychotherapy, along with analysis of the leading theories of behaviour change (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997). Consequently following the inception of public- health programmes this model has been implemented and is used within current health promotion. (Wood 2008) Health promotion is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO 1986) as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Health education is considered an approach of health promotion which also includes many theories, beliefs and concepts in regards to effective intervention. (Tones 2001) The transtheoretical model of change focuses on the decision-making abilities of the individual rather than the social and biological influences on behaviour as other approaches tried (Velicer, Prochaska, Fava, Norman, and Redding, 1998; Scholl, 2002). This model was developed to provide a framework for understanding how individuals change their behaviours and for considering how ready they are to change their substance use or other lifestyle behaviour. The stages and processes by which people change seem to be the same with or without treatment these include the individuals perceptions of susceptibility to illness, severity of illness, barriers to changing behaviour, benefits to changing behaviour and finally action and maintenance. Although the model has been adapted and modified to include further components for the purpose of this assignment it is necessary to explain the theory behind the original before discussing modifications. (Ogden 2004, Bennett and Murphy 1997, Naidoo and Wills 2000) In addition it is suggested that by using these concepts in the transtheoretical model of change it will predict the likelihood that behaviour will or will not change depending on the individuals perception. The idea of anticipating behaviour and therefore adjusting intervention is supported by various researchers who suggest that using cognitive models can assist in how individuals perceive health by conscious thought as to the behaviours and the cost of those behaviours. (Yarbrough and Braden 2001, Roden 2004a, Wood 2008) This supports healthcare professionals to allow the patient to change behaviours based on their own awareness as opposed to medical tactics to health promotion that have been used previously. Ewles and Simnett (2003) recommend that using a client centred approach empowers the patient to change behaviour and independently manage behaviour and as a result the health care professional becomes a facilitator instead of an instructor. Using a client centred approach does not discount the benefits of the medical approach as it may require various tactics depending at what stage of the model the individual is identified as being at. However by using an effective health promotion model, it encourages the patient to become an active participant and more responsible for their health related decisions. Ogden (2004) describes the concept of an individuals perception of control on their health as the Health locus of control which will be discussed later within this assignment. Based on the understanding of individual perceptions influencing behaviour it reinforces the use of the components previously discussed and by looking at these separately it is hoped that health care professionals will be able to detect the risks of behaviour and the probability of change. (Naidoo and Wills 2000, Ogden 2004) The previous mentioned components can be identified in the Transtheoretical model of change; these include pre-contemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance. However the aspect that makes the transtheoretical model of change unique is the theory that change occurs over time, an aspect generally ignored by other models of change (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997; Velicer et al., 1998; Scholl, 2002). This temporal dimension of the theory suggests that an individual may progress through five stages of change when trying to adjust their behaviours (Prochaska and Di Clemente, 1983; Prochaska et al., 1992; Prochaska and Velicer, 1997). In the transtheoretical model of change, behaviour change is treated as dynamic, rather than an all or nothing phenomenon. This distinction is considered one of the theorys strengths (Marshall and Biddle, 2001). The first stage of change within the transtheoretical model of change is the precontemplation stage, where individuals have no intention of taking action within the next six months (Prochaska et al., 1992; Prochaska and Velicer, 1997; Scholl, 2002). Individuals at this stage may or may not be aware of the consequences of their behaviour (Prochaska et al., 1992;Scholl, 2002) or may have tried to modify/change their behaviour and failed several times and as a consequence are dejected and unwilling to have another attempt (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997). Prochaska et al (1992) propose that the main characteristic of someone in the precontemplation stage is that they struggle to accept that they have problem behaviour and as such they cannot move on from this particular stage of the model. In order for the individual to move on they must experience cognitive dissonance which is acknowledging that there are negative aspects to continuing with this behaviour (i.e. smoking and the possibility of contracting lung cancer as a result) (Scholl, 2002). Following on from precontemplation, contemplation is the individual trying to make significant changes within another six month period, this includes evaluating any benefits or disadvantages to the individual changing their behaviour (i.e. cost of smoking, as opposed to loss of social activity) as a consequence many people stay within this stage for longer (Patten et al., 2000; Prochaska et al., 1992; Prochaska Velicer, 1997; Velicer, 1997; Velicer et al., 1998). Therefore the behaviour may seem more attractive than the change needed to be made (Scholl, 2002). This is known as chronic contemplation or behavioural procrastination (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997). Whilst within this phase the individual will still continue with the risky behaviour despite being aware of the consequences that this behaviour could cause (Patten et al., 2000). However it is widely accepted that someone within the contemplation stage is genuinely trying to resolve their problem behaviour (Prochaska et al., 1992) and as a result will only move on to the next stage when the positive aspects of change outweigh the negative aspects of remaining the same (Scholl, 2002). Preparation proceeds contemplation and in this area of change the time scale for the individual to modify their behaviour reduces to within the next month (Patten et al., 2000; Prochaska et al., 1992; Prochaska and Velicer, 1997; Velicer et al., 1998). An individual in this stage has tried to change or adjust their behaviour within the last year and has been unsuccessful however this has not discouraged them from continuing to i.e. binge drinking, smoking, or misuse of drugs. As a result of this the individual is at a loss as to how to proceed with any changes and if they are ultimately able to make these changes given that they have up until now failed (Scholl 2002). In this instance a plan of action can be produced by the healthcare professional in order to identify how to reduce or eliminate the problem behaviour and therefore give the person the opportunity to choose between alternative solutions i.e. smoking 10 cigarettes as opposed to 40 cigarettes a day or to stop smoking with the help of nicotine patches (Prochaska et al., 1992; Prochaska and Velicer, 1997; Velicer et al., 1998). Consequently when an individual feels confident and in control of the situation and has identified a suitable plan of action they will naturally move on to the next stage of the model (Scholl, 2002). The action stage follows on from preparation and as a result efforts have been made to adjust the individuals, behaviours, experiences, or environments over the previous six months in order to conquer their predicament. This stage requires a considerable amount of time and energy and is the stage where the individual receives the most amount of attention from others because of their obvious hard work (Patten et al., 2000; Prochaska et al., 1992). However it should be noted that research has stated not to mistake trying to change with actual change, this only occurs when the criteria is reached for the individual and will reduce the risks associated with their particular problem behaviour (Prochaska et al., 1992; Prochaska and Velicer, 1997; Velicer et al., 1998). Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross (1992) suggest that the main ways of identifying a person within the action stage is by the individuals obvious lifestyle changes i.e. healthy eating and documented weight loss to a more acceptable criterion level. Progress into the final stage happens when the individual perceives positive changes to their lifestyle, health and as a result feels better whilst also receiving encouraging feedback from family, friends and health professionals (Scholl, 2002). Lastly the transtheoretical models maintenance stage is where people work to prevent a relapse and only after six months of being free of the problem behaviour can it be recognised as the criteria of an individual being within the maintenance phase. Research also recognises that maintenance is a continuation of change not an absence of it (Patten et al., 2000; Prochaska et al., 1992; Prochaska and Velicer, 1997; Velicer et al., 1998). Consequently individual perception is referred to the threat of illness and modifying factors can be referred to as behavioural response. In addition the likelihood of action is influenced by environmental cues. As a result the behaviour change occurs because of a threat to illness and therefore the behaviour changes or is adapted. Mc Clanahan et al. (2007), Warner (2003) and Clark (2000) all describe the threat as an individuals susceptibility to illness or disease. If an individual believes they are open to the illness or disease they may identify this as a danger to their health. This is only applicable if there is a significant risk factor such as smoking, diet, alcohol or drugs misuse. If an individual does not take into consideration their own vulnerability then it is unlikely that the transtheoretical model of change will be successful in predicting associated behaviour. Ogden (2004) suggests that perceived susceptibility can not be used as an effective predictor of behaviour change. Furthermore consideration must be applied to adolescents who are more likely to expose themselves to risks but be less aware of the consequences to their associated health. Naidoo and Wills (2000) suggest that health promotion can be challenging when dealing with young people in regards to risk behaviour as risk taking is essentially a part of adolescence. On the other hand it is usually accepted that if an individual perceives themselves to be vulnerable to a disease (i.e. lung disease from smoking) they will also consider the severity of that disease. (Daddario 2007, Simsekoglu and Lajunen 2007) The perception of severity or seriousness of a disease is subjective depending on the individuals understanding of the potential threat. Browes (2006) refers to the variance of perceived severity in relation to sexual health. The severity can vary from the belief that most diseases can be treated to the belief that sex can result in contracting potentially fatal diseases such as HIV. Therefore it may be necessary for the health care professional to encourage learning in relation to the severity of conditions in relation to the susceptibility. Finfgeld et al (2003) outline that to facilitate learning effectively it may be necessary for the health care professional to apply a more direct attitude which would involve the nurse addressing the increase of behaviour (susceptibility) as well as identifying potential risks (severity). However with this intervention the approach becomes nurse led as opposed to patient led which may compromise empowerment and likelihood that risk behaviour will return when the intervention is reduced. As a result the delivery of the necessary information to the patient may result in feeling of fear or guilt. Although it is suggested that fear and guilt can be effective in changing behaviours , it is criticised as it does not change behaviour long term and can contribute to feelings of denial and therefore affect the relationship between both patient and healthcare professional. (Naidoo and Wills 2000) Based on perceived susceptibility and severity the transtheoretical model of change believes that behaviour change will take place if the benefits outweigh the barriers to changing behaviours. However it is expected that potential benefits may be small compared to the barriers that prevent changes to behaviour. (Daddario 2007) Then again as previously discussed the transtheoretical model of change has had several modifications made to it in order to maximise its use within healthcare in order to apply it to other more complex health conditions. The psychologists who developed the stages of change theory in 1982 did so in order to compare smokers in therapy and self-changers along a behaviour change continuum. The idea behind this was to allow health care professionals to adapt a plan of action for each individual and as a result their therapy would be tailored to their particular needs. This process was then added to by a fifth component (preparation for action) as well as ten processes that help predict and motivate individual movement across the stages of the continuum. In addition, the stages are no longer considered to be linear; but are components of a cyclical process that varies for each individual (Diclemente and Norcross 1992). Used correctly and by incorporating the various modifications to the model, it is recognised that the transtheoretical model of change can assist health care professionals in health education. However as a psychological theory, the stages of change focuses on the individual without assessing the role those structural and environmental issues may have on an individuals ability to enact behaviour change. In addition, since the stages of change presents a descriptive rather than a causative explanation of behaviour, the relationship between stages is not always clear. Consequently each stage of change may not be appropriate for characterising every population. An example of this would be the study of sex workers in Bolivia which highlighted that very few of the participants were actually in the precontemplative, contemplative stages with regards to using condoms with their clients (Posner, 1995). However mass media campaigns can motivate individuals to change behaviours by highlighting the benefits of safer sex by the use of condoms. The use of positive messages as opposed to negative messages within mass media campaigns increases the likelihood of retaining the relevant information for longer. (Bennett and Murphy 1997) Naidoo and Wills (2000) also suggest individuals may have personal experiences of illness and disease within their family or friend network therefore this will influence how the benefits are perceived.These modifying factors will influence the likelihood of action and therefore determine if behaviour will change. As a result research conducted by Charron-Prochonwnik et al. (2001) found that changes to individual sexual behaviour correlated to the consideration of modifying factors such as social support, culture and positive attitudes resulting in safer behaviour. Additionally there are other features of the Transtheoretical Model of Change that are not easily applied to non-addiction type clinical problems. Howarth (1999) noted that the application of Transtheoretical Model of Change has promise in the field of eating behaviours but the translation is made difficult because the goal of smoking intervention is cessation whereas eating interventions is reducing intake of some foods and increasing the intake of others. Also in smoking interventions the main aim is to stop and is clearly understood by everyone. However in eating interventions the main aims are not so easily understood. Whereas in smoking research the outcome variables are reasonably simple compared to eating research where outcomes are more complex and the results variable. Ultimately smoking interventions target one behaviour whereas eating interventions focus on multiple behaviours. Furthermore there is the degree of difficulty in discontinuing smoking in the initial stages but as time progresses things get easier for the individual whereas eating more healthily can be easy at first but hard to maintain. Moreover when smoking discontinues it produces immediate physiological changes but eating interventions in the early stages only produce distant and subtle changes. As a result behaviour change will not only be on the basis of potential benefits but may also be subject to internal and external cues. As previously mentioned campaigns can promote changes to behaviour and this would be considered an external cue, the individual is motivated by the message that is projected. (Naidoo and Wills 2000) However internal cues may also influence behaviour, this may be a change in physical health or psychological wellbeing which encourages the individual to ask for help from health care professionals. Daddario (2007) suggest that internal cues are most likely to change behaviour in individuals that are over weight. Clarke et al, (2000) further suggest that with the incorporation of self-efficacy, health models can be more effective in predicting behaviours; this concept was developed by Bandura (1977) and can be described as an individuals confidence in their ability to complete a task. Finfgeld et al. (2003) also acknowledge that nurses can promote self-efficacy alongside models of health by reinforcing the importance of the contribution of individual capability in changing behaviours and can be used within educational and client centred approach to health education. In addition to self-efficacy Hughes (2004) considers the concept locus of control in order to maximise the use of various models of health. Locus of control refers to how the individual perceives control over their life and physical health. An individuals beliefs may be based on the idea that their health is subject to internal actions such as diet, lifestyle and as a result able to be changed. However in contrast others may believe that health is subject to external factors such as bad luck or fate. Just as important is the belief that religion and culture can contribute to the belief that health is predetermined and therefore cannot be influenced by behaviour changes. (Niven 1994, Naidoo and Wills 2000) Consequently Syx (2008) suggests effective questioning technique to establish where an individual places the locus of control, which should then determine how likely they are to engage in health education behaviours. In conclusion despite conflicting evidence for the transtheoretical model of change Macnee McCabe (2004) do not have conceptual concerns regarding this, but question the applicability of the model to specific populations. Sutton (2001) also suggests that there are some serious problems with the existing methods used to measure the stages of change. For example, stage criteria are not consistent across studies that use the approach. Some studies do not include questions about past attempts to change, and various time frames are used as reference points which alter distribution of people across stages (Lerner, 1990; Nigg et al., 1999; Stevens Estrada, 1996; Weinstein et al., 1998). Finally, Littell and Girvan (2002) suggest that a continuous model of readiness for change may be more integrated with related concepts from other theories. It is also documented that healthcare professionals be able to distinguish readiness for change from readiness to participate in particular treatments, and that change may come about quickly as a result of life events, or external pressures. Accordingly at this time there is an increase in the number of studies criticising the model over conceptual, methodological analytic concerns. On the other hand there is an equal amount of evidence supporting the model, verifying the constructs, and showing support for application to modifying health behaviour. Therefore the benefit of understanding this model and maximising it to its full potential can support nurses and other health care professionals to practice in accordance to guidelines set out by both clinical and academic bodies. The NMC (2008) outline the responsibilities of nursing professionals to work in a professional manner and ongoing research provides evidence in how the model can be used with modifications to suit different needs. (Roden 2004a, 2004b) REFERENCE LIST Bandura, A. (1977) Self-efficacy; toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychology Review, Vol. 84, no.2, pp. 191-215 Bennett, P., Murphy, S. (1997) Psychology and health promotion, Open University Press: Buckingham. Browes, S. (2006) Health psychology and sexual health assessment. Nursing Standard, Vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 35-39 Charron-Prochownik, D., Sereika, S., M., Becker, D., Jacober, S., Mansfield, J., White, N., Hughes, S., Dean-McElhinny T., Trail, L. (2001) Reproductive health beliefs and behaviours in teens with diabetes: application of the expanded health belief model. Paediatric Diabetes, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-39 Clark, A. V., Hildegarde, L., Williams, A., Macpherson M. (2000) Unrealistic optimism and the health belief model. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, Vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 367-376 Daddario, D. (2007) A review of the use of the health belief model for weight management. Medsurg Nursing, Vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 363-366 DiClemente, C., Prochaska, J. (1982) Self-change and therapy change of smoking behaviour: A comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance. Addictive Behaviours, Vol. 7, pp. 133-142. Downie, R., S., Tannahill, C., Tannahill, A., (1996) Health Promotion Models and Values, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Ewles, L., Simnett, I. (2003) Promoting health: a practical guide, 5th ed., Balliere Tindall: Edinburgh. Finfgeld, D.L., Wongvatunyu, S., Conn, V.S., Grando, V.T., Russell, C.L., (2003) Health belief model and reversal theory: a comparative analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 43, no.3, pp. 288-297 Hughes, S. A. (2004) Promoting self-management and patient independence. Nursing Standard, Vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 47-52 Lerner, C. (1990) The transtheoretical model of change: Self-change in adolescent delinquent behaviours. Psychology. Kingston, RI, University of Rhode Island. Littell, J.H., Girvan, H. (2002) Behaviour modification. Available from. http://www.bmo.sagepub.com Macnee, C., McCabe, S. (2004) The Transtheoretical model of behaviour change and smokers in southern Appalachia. Nursing Research, Vol. 53, no.4. pp. 243-250 Marshall, S., Biddle, S. (2001) The Transtheoretical model of behaviour change: A meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, Vol. 23, no.4, pp. 229-246 McClannahan, C., Shelvin, M., Adamson, G., Bennett, C., ONeill, B. (2007) Testicular self-examination. A test of the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour. Health Education Research, Vol.22, no. 2, pp. 272-284 Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (2000) Health promotion foundations for practice, 2nd ed., Bailliere Tindall: Edinburgh. Nigg, C.R., Burbank, P.M., Paddula, C., Dafresne, R. (1999) The Gerontologist. Available from. http://www.oxfordjournals.org Niven, N. (1994) Health psychology: an introduction for nurses and other health care professionals, 2nd ed., Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2008) Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives, Nursing and Midwifery Council: London. Ogden, J. (2004) Health Psychology A Textbook, 3rd ed., Open University Press: Maidenhead. Patten, S., Vollman, A., Thurston, W. (2000) The utility of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change for HIV risk reduction in injection drug users. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 57-66 Prochaska, J., DiClemente, C. (1983) Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 390-395 Prochaska, J., DiClemente, C., Norcross, J. (1992) In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviours. American Psychologist, Vol. 47, no.9, pp. 1002-1114 Prochaska, J., DiClemente, C., Velicer, W., Ginpil, S., Norcross, J. (1985) Predicting change in smoking status for self-changers. Addictive Behaviours, Vol. 10, pp. 395-406 Prochaska, J., Velicer, W. (1997) The Transtheoretical model of health behaviour change. American Journal of Health Promotion, Vol. 12, no.1, pp. 38-48 Roden, J. (2004a) Revisiting the health belief model: nurses applying it to young families and their health promotion needs. Nursing and Health Science, Vol. 6, no.1, pp. 1-10 Scholl, R. (2002) The transtheoretical model of behaviour change. Available from. http://www.cba.uri.edu/Scholl/Notes/TTM.html Stevens, S.T., Estrada, A.L. (1996) Journal of Drug Issues. http://www.ncjrs.gov Sutton, S. (2001) Back to the drawing? A review of applications of the transtheoretical model to substance abuse. Addictions, Vol. 96, pp. 175-186 Syx, R., L. (2008) The practice of patient education. The theoretical perspective. Orthopaedic Nursing, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp.50-54 Tones, K. (2001) Health promotion: The empowerment imperative. In Scriven, A., Orme, J. (ed) Health Promotion professional perspectives, 2nd ed., Palgrave: New York. pp. 3-16 Velicer, W., Prochaska, Fava, j., Norman, G., Redding, C. (1998) Smoking cessation and stress management: Applications of the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change. Homeostasis, Vol. 38, pp. 216-233 Warner, P. (2003) Factors influencing intentions to seek a cognitive status examination: a study based on the health belief model International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 787-794 Weinstein, N.D., Rothman, A.J., Sutton, S.R. (1998) Stage theories of health behaviour: Conceptual and methodological issues. Health Psychology, Vol. 17, pp. 229-290 Wood, E.M. (2008) Theoretical framework to study exercise motivation for breast cancer reduction . Oncology Nursing Forum, Vol. 35, no.1, pp. 89-95 World Health Organisation. 1986. Ottawa charter for health promotion. (policy statements) [Online]. Available from. http://www.euro.who.int/aboutwho/policy Yarbrough, S.S., Braden C.J. (2001) Utility of health belief model as a guide for explaining or predicting breast screening behaviours. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 33, no.5, pp. 677-688

Under Milk Wood :: essays research papers

The relationship between Tom and Maggie in Books 1 & 2 I think most of the problems with Tom and Maggie's relationship are due to the fact that Tom thinks that females are inferior to males. He therefore thinks that Maggie is inferior to him and he shows this in the way that he treats Maggie. Tom and Maggie both have a strong relationship with their father so therefore he could have influenced Tom's thoughts. "She'll fetch none the bigger price for that", their dad said this, and by it he means that even though Maggie is clever she won't do any better as regards to marriage. This is a very sexist way for Tom and Maggie's dad to talk about Maggie, as if females are only supposed to get married and produce children and that their intelligence doesn't matter. If Tom's dad thinks like that it could be from his dad that Tom gets his sexist nature: "I told you girls couldn't learn Latin", this is one of the most openly sexist comments Tom makes in the book. Tom very strongly gets his point across by using harsh words such as "told" and "couldn't". This shows how inferior he feels females are, he said, "I told you" almost scornfully as if he's trying to say that if he said it, it must be right which isn't the case. Tom's complete sexist attitude is shown by the word "girls" here he generalises about any females ability to learn Latin although I'm sure that isn't the case and he just makes the comment purely because of his sexist nature. Tom's sexism isn't just used against his sister, he uses it to put others down as well, "like a girl's: Tom thought that truly pitiable". The sexism Tom is showing here is by discriminating against Philip due to his hair apparently looking like a girls. He describes this as "truly pitiable" which shows how strongly he feels. Tom uses the word "girl" as an insult as if by calling Philip a girl he feels he has insulted him. This is a very sexist attitude, as he shouldn't be discriminating against females in this way. Whenever Maggie acts in a way that Tom wouldn't, Tom automatically says she acts in that way, as she is a girl, "girlish way of taking things". This quotation is where Maggie gets agitated and Tom blames that on the fact that she's a girl.

Leibnizs Distinction Between Natural and Artificial Machines :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Leibniz's Distinction Between Natural and Artificial Machines ABSTRACT: I maintain that Leibniz's distinction between 'organic machines of nature' and the artificial machine that we produce cannot be adequately understood simply in terms of differing orders of structural complexity. It is not simply that natural machines, having been made by God, are infinitely more complex than the products of our own artifice. Instead, Leibniz's distinction is a thoroughly metaphysical one, having its root in his belief that every natural machine is a corporeal substance, the unity and identity conditions of which derive ultimately from its substantial form. Natural machines are thus true unities, while artificial machines are mere aggregates of substances and are therefore only accidental unities. I briefly explore this connection between Leibniz's distinction between natural and artificial machines and his views about individuality. I conclude on a polemical note, in which it is suggested that these results undermine the currently popular view that Leibniz renounced corporeal substances toward the end of his life. Introduction Leibniz often distinguishes between organic machines of nature and the machines that we construct. This distinction might not seem to have been an original contribution on his part. Similar distinctions were drawn by many early modern philosophers, particularly Cartesians, who contrasted our machines with the much more complex (yet mechanical) products of the divine artifice. Leibniz's distinction was not this simple. For him, the difference between our machines and organic machines of nature was not simply a difference in degree: it was not simply a matter of God's machines being more structurally complex than the mechanisms that we produce. More generally, Leibniz's distinction between organic (i.e., natural) and human-made (i.e., artificial) machines cannot be understood as long as we confine our gaze to the realm of mechanical phenomena that are described by physics, for it is a deeper metaphysical distinction rooted in his views about substances. Leibniz does occasionally draw the distinction in terms of structural complexity, claiming that natural machines, since they were built by God, are infinitely more complex than the machines that we make. This might appear to undermine my claim that Leibniz's distinction cannot (unlike similar distinctions drawn by his contemporaries) be understood simply in terms of varying degrees of structural complexity. However, I shall contend that his formulation of the distinction in terms of structural complexity presupposes a more basic difference between natural and artificial machines, a difference that can only be adequately characterized within his metaphysics.

An Education Lasts a Lifetime

Education is a key element in developing the skills necessary for a successful life. Too often students are more involved earning a paycheck than spending time on their academic studies. Students need to realize that their highschool classes will prepare them for a brighter future. A highschool student’s time is very limited. Homework and extra curricular activities are time consuming and if a student adds a job into this busy schedule, less time is devoted to their academic studies. The effects of this could be recieving lower grades or not taking challenging courses. A job would also limit the amount of time a teenager has for social activities and sports, thereby causing a withdrawal from friends and the highschool community. The job environment is not always beneficial to the student. In most cases the wages are low and the hours are long. Sometimes employers can be very demanding and schedules are not flexible. The skills being used may not be beneficial in furthering their career, and they might become comfortable with the paycheck and not strive to reach their full potential. Money is the root of many problems associated with teenagers. A paycheck gives a student the power to purchase many commodities including cars, clothing and electronics. They may also be exposed to drugs and alcohol. Students are being introduced to a new environment and the challenge of managing their money comes into play. Teenagers already have enough pressures and stress in their lives and they may find it difficult to juggle academics along with their work schedule. High school is a time of growth both mentally and physically. Students should focus their attention on their studies so they can one day achieve their dreams.

Case Study Cameron Auto Parts Essay

1. Cameron was remune stray to set about licensed to McTaggart. elaboration strategies, as discussed in class, have different barriers and costs. For example, for Cameron to have entered a joint pretend with the play along would have cost both(prenominal)(prenominal) sides a lot of money and time. For Cameron to have expanded into the UK what Andy had argued would have been the most pricy and time consuming of the four options. The comp some(prenominal) definitely has money, however the extra coin needed to finance such overlarge operations isnt available.Fin on the wholey, for Cameron to have plainly exported into the UK economy could have been easy however, it is hardly what they are doing now. This leaves them limited to the core that the importers are able to pay in foothold of duty and freight, currency exchange, as blond explains, as well as the cater of never knowing how long the goods go forth take(International Management, pg 254) to arrive. Also, with th e developing need, having more(prenominal) narrates would pull up Cameron to build a new manufacturing mental quickness to accommodate for the higher payoff. This would exuberate their need for that arcsecond plant.All of this leaves licensing to be the most operable option as it brings the least amount of capital, both financial and human. Cameron Auto move are paid royal family fees as well as the costs of vista up the manufacturing and training without having to spend a good deal money to get the UK plant running.2. I would say that McTaggart is a good prime(a) for the company to become the licensee of the UK for Cameron. According to prove 3, even though they had sales of 9 one thousand million from 1991, it states that this is because their sales took a plump down against a U.S product of superior tonus (International Management, pg 255) It also states that they have the capacity to augment production substantially. This means that given the right product, th ey are already capable of producing match to demand. Further, because arenaceous himself knows on that point is a enormous (and growing) demand for the part, coupled with the current customers of Cameron, there is nigh already a real large customer base and all it needs is a facility that is precise seriously interested in enough exclusive agents for the UK market (International Management, pg 256) in order to supply that demand accordingly.McTaggart also has an refined credit record, and having been in operation for almost 150 years, it is clear that they are in the business for the long run and would not risk damaging situations and dishonored contracts.3. The ii had come to a compromise of 2% in royalty fees. They came up with the rate of using integrative duologue techniques. They both knew that they wanted the situation to work, and neither of them came in with an unrealistic starting point or forceful attitude distributive techniques. Alex began the negotiation at 3 % while Sandy pushed a few times for 1.5%. regular(a) though Sandy gave an offer of 2% on the first million , he still kept close to his sign offer by saying that any profits after the first million would be at a 1.5% royalty rate. Pleasingly, they both agreed to meet in the middle, at 2%.Without knowing the heavy royalty limit in the UK, the text edition (International Management, pg 99) does state that 3% is a pie-eyed limit. This implies that governments consider this rate reasonable and not high enough to hurt the domestic help company. That being said, 2% is the right rate. An distinguished piece of information to take label of is the fact that even though their production skills were not as up-to-date as Camerons an issue that would be ascertain once the set-up of the facility is completed McTaggart already has original cost saving ideas use in their current plant.This indicates an ingenuity that mayhap Camerons techniques could use. Because Alex specifically state s that he would require a flow-back clause in their agreement, this is an added take in to compromising that 1% since it is only a matter of time before McTaggarts facility comes up with cost-saving techniques for the flexible couplings. This would more than make up for the compromise.

Does the Labor Law Encourage or Discourage Unionization Essay

Yes they do. And the hobby is in support of that claim truly much described as the heart of the act, subdivision 7 of the statute reflects the jurisprudences fundamental purposes. It provides that employees shall dumbfound the right to self- nerve, to rule, tie, or assist stab organizations, to bar net together with through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of incarnate negociate or other joint aid and protection (Kohler, 2004). In addition, the trade compact movement laws tend to favor employee and federation relationships. dig up laws do provide protection for totality employees against rent inequality by defining standard minimum wage requirements and they maneuver other workplace safety issues as well. These childbed laws atomic number 18 authorized at the g everywherenment take aim and thus get out any public employee to non solely join a man and wife, in effect(p) now substantiveize one (by organizing) should they so desire. And given the circumstance that the mass of the employees at West University argon public employees, already in naturalized spousal relationships, the organization process for the Re perspectivent jocks (reticular activating system).To service of process facilitate that process, the Graduate Employee Organization (GEO) was associate with the United Auto Workers (UAW) trade joint. Although the workforce at West College is a majority of inwardness employees, the non- centre employees ar non required to join any union due to the accompaniment that Arizona is a right-to-work articulate. But again, the roil laws to prevail and allow a radical of employees to legally organization under defer and Federal laws.2 Do you commend teaching accomplices should be considered employees?If they be on a payroll as a W2 individual, and work a set beat of hours indeed I send wordt any reason w here(predicate)fore they would not be cons idered employees. Similar to the occupier aids, I would imagine that the command assists are similarly assimilators who attend the college as well. Based upon the development provided, the pedagogy retainers are also nonpolar employees.Education aside, the skill level of the Teaching subordinate should not be a factor when it comes to joining a union, at that place should be some educational requirements for the play of a Teaching Assistant however. Although a Teaching Assistant does not pass teaching credentials, hence theyre not on the same pay grade, merely on that point is a pretty sum total of experience that a Teaching Assistant is expected to guard to perform their logical argument effectively. This does not mean that a Teaching Assistant could not handle the play of teaching a class if they had to, they only if do not pitch the authorized credentials and could present to the University should they be coif into a teaching stake.For further clarificat ion, at that place is a difference that should be famous between an assistant and an medical intern. Per the following utilisation Intern a person who whole caboodle as an apprentice or trainee in an occupation or profession to gain practical experience, and sometimes also to conform to legal or other requirements for existence licensed or accepted professionally. Whereas Assistant serving in an immediately master position of fleckary rank in the main not in training for another(prenominal) role. (Dictionary.com)3 Do you think steerings reply to employee intimacy in unionization differs if the employer already has a utmost union density among other employee congregations?If a majority of the employees are already nonionic in some grammatical case of a union setup, then unfortunately, the only reaction that Management fucking have is to concord to other free radicals lacking to organization. That is un slight Management raft come up with some reasons why organiz ation should not take place.This fount of a balance has its pros and cons. If this is a type of an environment where a majority of union employees makes more(prenominal) sense, then this type of an line of battle can be productive if level more employees wanted to organize. And it might be best if management did hold to that because on that point is always the fairness issue that can come up of a group of non-union employees receives the same treatment that the union employees receives. In this case, that is the argument of the nonmigratory Assistants. But at the same time, at that place are situations where it just makes no sense for a crabby group of employees to organize.Now it is a large benefit for the employees to belong to a union provided on the flip side of that argument, transitioning from a non-union environment to a union environment can be a continuancey and expensive process. The be of outpouring a unionized business can be kind of. And the case of a Uni versity, those costs are not going abstracted as a lost by the enlighten, but instead will be passed master to the consumer, in the case, the disciple. Thus the charge costs will keep increasing, and the university runs the take a chance of losing business to the competition. It doesnt matter if it is a university, is it still a business.4 What are the key factors that led some reticular activating system to have inte counterweight in union representation? Do you think that RAs have legitimate problem-related relates, or are the RA complaints overstated?The working conditions of the resident physician Assistants were starting to become a concern for the employees. The Resident Assistants have been asgestural the job of disciplining their fellow students and were subjected to any pushback. Thus there is a potential conflict of interest since the Resident Assistants are overseeing the immediate region where they are also housed in.Although the Resident Assistants are paid a wage for their services, they are in fact full-time students. Per the struggle laws, the University is not required to allow a group of full-time students to organize but it is not against the law Resident Assistants to organize.Now, the Resident assistants, do sign an agreement with the University expound their job description and what is expected of them. This is sure a valuable service that is be provided to the University, but at the same it does not warrant an organization movement in my opinion. Especially due to the natural upset rate of the students (students graduating, etc.), a Resident Assistant is certainly not a long position and thus does not rightfully justify signing a union / employee contract for any significant length of time.In summary, the Resident Assistants do have generally inviolable talking points for organization. However, their job description does not warrant the added put down that the University will take on when that group is nonionized. S hould the Residents Assistants job descriptions increase, then yes, organization would be a good idea at the University. But key to remember here is that the Resident Assistants are full-time students with less than part-time jobs that they want to unionize.5 Do the RAs opposed to unionization have legitimate concerns? How could unionization change the acculturation of Residence Life?Those concerns are quite legitimate, and in my opinion, more selfless and grounded than the rest of the Resident Assistants. As mentioned above, these are full-time students with a part-time that they are not being forced to do. They chose to apply for the position, and they signed an agreement of the behavior and expectations (minimum GPA, etc.)The Resident Assistant position should be used as an opportunity to gain some good experience such as what an intern would get but also with a financial incentive. By organizing, the Resident Assistants whitethorn miss out on the real experience of interaction with the culture of the campus residential environment. In other words, the resident Assistant would be focusing more on being an employee vs. being a student and a Resident Assistant. Thus, the Resident assistant could possibly be viewed as more of a security guard then someone who is on the same level as the other students.Im sure there was a fair amount of thought that went into designing the position of the Student Assistant, and it appears that they divided in half. unmatched half, being on the same rogue with the University in wanting to keep the fair play of the position and the other half wanting to break away from University tradition and form a separate. Again, not a big(p) idea to organize if the students were going to be in these positions for a long time, but theyre not. Its a very transient position.6 How does the law regarding union recognition for public employees in this state compare with the NLRA rules regarding union recognition for private-sector employees ? on that point are some similarities. However, Section 7 of the law states the following to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of corporate negotiate or other unwashed aid and protection, as well as the right to refrain from engaging in any of those activities. (Kohler, 2004)Lets facet at the three key doctrines of the law as noted by Kohler there are three key principals on which the NLRA rests 1) the exclusivity principle 2) the notion of free embodied bargaining and 3) the structural autonomy of the bargaining representative of the employees (in other words, the independence of the employees labor union from the employer). (Kohler, 2004) Breaking this down further, Kohler goes on to explainExclusivity Principle. The exclusivity principle is a basic feature of American-style collective bargaining. According to the exclusivity principle, the union representative selected by a majority of employees in a workplace becomes the scoop (sole) representative of a ll those employees. (Kohler, 2004)Free collective Bargaining. Free collective bargaining is the second basic principle of the NLRA. The act leaves the purpose whether to organize entirely to employees.(Kohler, 2004)Structural Autonomy. The structural autonomy of the employees bargaining representative is the third key principle of the collective bargaining system adopted by the NLRA. This principle anchors the system of free collective bargaining.(Kohler, 2004)In addition, Section 8 of the internal roil Relations Act (NLRA) states the following to tower or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or to contribute financial or other support to it. (Kohler, 2004)7 why did the LRC determine that RAs and CDAs were employees? Do you agree with the LRC decision? Why? Why not?In summary, I do not agree with the decision handed down by the labour Relations Commission. Resident Assistants are really only student assistants that earn a small wage through the school year and depending upon the school schedule will not be working in the summertime. The decision to accepted students as employees is reckless and can have consequences down the road. This is a slippery slope. I dont know the eject reasoning behind the decision of the Labor Relations Commission but if I had to guess I would imagine that there is a bit of a mold since the Labor Relations Commissions tend to arguing pro-union.Another concern that the University should be assured of is that now that they Resident Assistants are organized, there is a possibility that these positions can be abused. Prior to organization, the Resident Assistant applicant would sign a Memo of dread (MOU) outlining the expectations that they were expected to meet. Being that they are organized now, the Memo of Understanding is most apt(predicate) going to be tossed out the windowpane and a new set of demands whitethorn start coming in over the years. Not to mentioned the future additional l abor expenses that the University is going to incur.Works CitedKohler, Thomas C.. National Labor Relations Act (1935). study Acts of Congress. 2004. Retrieved October 18, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3407400221.html